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- Math Assault II: Fractions
-
- Copyright 1996
-
- by VeeneTronics Corporation
- 3231 Cumberland Trail
- Olympia Fields, Il. 60461
-
- Dedicated to my son, Craig Veeneman, (11-24-76 to 6-12-95) who wrote the
- story and designed all the game levels.
-
- For problems with speech see "Trouble Shooting Speech".
-
-
- You may use and distribute this free of charge.
- Four registration options are available (see order.frm):
-
- 1: Registration and online technical support............$15.00,
- 2: Part 2: Ratios, Decimals, Proportions, Percents......$20.00,
- 3: Speech (2 MB RAM needed) plus the above..............$25.00,
- 4: Printed manual plus all of the above.................$30.00.
-
- Include EMail address if available ($5.00 handling if no Email address).
-
- Compuserve members can register through Compuserve.
-
- Credits
-
- Program by Tony Veeneman
- Art: Levon McAllister
- Music: Don Harkins
- Story by: Craig Veeneman
- Game Design Assistance: Craig Veeneman, Lori Veeneman, Brian Zellinger
- Testing and Inspiration: Craig Veeneman, Lori Veeneman, Christopher Veeneman
- Support and Understanding: Mary Ann Veeneman
- Special Thanks to: Greg, Cory, Tony, Joe, Dennis, Kelli, Jeremy, Diane,
- Antwon, Tiffany, David, Philip, Chavez, Joe, Mindy, and Laura
-
- ****See Fraction.doc for more complete information****
-
-
- MATH ASSAULT II: FRACTIONS
-
-
-
- Purpose of Educational Game Program
- The Legend of Greecia Continues
- System Requirements
- Quick Start
- Trouble shooting speech
- Starting a New Game
- Saving a Game
- Quitting a Game
- Continuing a Game
- Using the Mouse
- Music
- Speech
- Object of the Game
- Greecia
- Ronan and his Evil Minions.
- Inside Greecia, Windows, Action, etc.
- Solving Fractions, Windows, Buttons, etc.
- Advancement in Fractions
- Gems
- Command Line Options
- Educational Comments for Parents and Teachers
-
-
-
- Purpose of Math Assault II: Fractions
-
- Math Assault II: fractions is designed to teach players fractions, decimals,
- ratios, proportions, and percents in a game environment that involves solving
- word problems. The intended instructional grade ranges are fifth to eighth
- grade. The program is instructional and sequential. As the player proceeds
- through the program, he gains proficiency in these math areas. It is
- designed so that a player can succeed and learn even if the player does not
- know fractions and has problems with math calculations.
-
-
-
- The Legend of Greecia Continues
-
- Prologue...
-
- It is the year 2135.
-
- One stormy night the Superhero receives a call from his archnemises, Dr.
- Ronan, saying that he has developed a machine that will let him take over the
- world. At hearing this the Superhero heads to Dr. Ronan's laboratory in the
- city.
-
- The Superhero arrives at Ronan's laboratory in a motorcycle. The Superhero
- notices a large red demon drawing hanging outside the door. The Superhero
- recognizes it as the picture of Apathy. Apathy was the evil god who had
- taken over Greecia in the Greek Mathology books. The Superhero guesses the
- picture to be a warning but enters any way.
-
- The Superhero enters a large dark room. The room is dark and creepy which
- sends a shudder up the Superhero's spine. There is a corridor that is to the
- right side of the room. The Superhero walks down the long corridor that
- seems to stretch forever. The Superhero sees a window at the end of the
- corridor. He hears sounds of the city outside the window. There is a door
- to the left of the window which is open. The Superhero looks inside the door
- and slowly enters...
-
-
- THE GAME BEGINS
-
- System Requirements
-
- The following are needed to run the program:
-
- a) IBM or IBM AT or PS/2 compatible computer system.
- b) DOS 3.3 or higher.
- c) 640000 bytes of conventional (RAM) memory available.
- d) 523000 bytes of free memory (conventional, expanded, or extended). If
- expanded or extended memory is used, 459000 bytes of conventional memory
- must be available.
- e) A VGA or MCGA video card and monitor.
- f) Hard drive with 4.8 megabytes free. This will not run on floppy disks.
-
- The following are recommended to increase performance:
-
- a) Sound Blaster, Sound Blaster Pro, Sound Blaster 16 or compatible.
- b) An 80386 or higher computer for speech. c) A Microsoft compatible mouse
- and driver.
- d) Expanded and/or extended memory. A minimum of 449 kbytes of
- free conventional memory is needed.
- e) A disk caching program such as Smart Drive.
-
- To get even better performance, the following are recommended:
-
- a) An 80486 or better processor.
- b) 563 k of free conventional memory if using Sound Blaster.
- c) 200 k of expanded memory.
- d) 500 k of expanded or extended memory for speech capability. A 80486 or
- higher is recommended for speech.
-
-
- Quick Start
-
- Place your disk 1 into your floppy disk drive. Type the letter of the disk
- drive you just placed the disk into followed by a colon and press ENTER (e.g.
- A:).
-
- Do not type quotation marks.
- 1. Insert Disk # 1. Type "INSTALL" then press "Enter ".
- 2. Complete the installation process.
- 3. Type "FRACT" then press "Enter ". Answer the on screen questions and
- begin playing.
-
- Trouble Shooting Speech
-
- Windows 95
- If speech doesn't work with Windows 95 then do the following:
- 1) Make sure Himem.sys is in config.sys;
- 2) Add EMM386.sys to config.sys (not necessary but it improves performance.)
- 3) When booting (starting) the machine, immediately press F8.
- 4) At the Windows 95 startup menu, select "Previous version of MS Dos.
- 5) Go to the fraction directory: "cd\fraction".
- 6) Type "fract".
- 7) Press enter.
-
- General Comments
-
-
- About 580 k free RAM and about 500 k extended(XMS) or expanded(EMS) memory
- is needed. If at all possible use an expanded memory manager compatible
- with EMM386 which is part of MS DOS. On slower 80386 machines, always use
- EMS. This must be set in the config.sys file using an expanded memory
- manager. Always use a soundblaster or compatible device. The speech
- through the PC speaker is of dubious quality.
-
- Sometimes device drivers (TSR) loaded in the autoexec.bat file can not only
- consume much memory, but can interfere with the speech. If this occurs,
- try remarking these out using "rem" in the autoexec.bat file.
-
- If the program does not work, try reinstalling the program without speech.
- If this works, try again later with speech after making sure there is
- sufficient memory.
-
- As a last resort, install the program without speech and force the program
- to use the PC speaker by adding /j. For example type:
- fract /j
-
-
-
-
- GAME KEYBOARD
-
- All of the above keys are active while in Greecia.
- ARROW - move the man.
- ALT. - shoot.
- CTRL - angles shot when ALT. pushed.
- SPACE - man jumps when arrow pressed.
- INSERT - flip.
- END - duck. This also changes the vertical direction of a shot.
-
- Inside Greecia
- Movement in Greecia
- Each location in Greecia has three scenes. Your objective is to get to the
- last scene while scoring as many points as possible and gathering as many
- potions as possible. All potions have very powerful magic, and some of the
- potions are necessary for you to successfully travel through Greecia. Be
- wary of bad potions left by Ronan. Zeus has marked these with an X.
- Explore all areas because there are a few scattered invisible potions.
- These have special powers when doing fractions.
-
-
-
- Starting a New Game
- 1. Make sure you are in the fraction directory. If not, type cd\fraction.
- Then press "Enter ".
- 2. Type "fract" then press "Enter " .
- 3. When the game begins, you must decide if you want to play the game or
- practice using the keys.
- 4. Choose one or two players by pressing the appropriate number.
- 5. Enter your name at the prompt.
- 6. Choose male or female.
- 7. If this is your first time you can choose the level of game difficulty.
- Levels range from 1 to 3 with level 1 being the easiest and level 3 being
- the hardest.
- 8. Choose your hero. Choice 1 is the lightest; choice 3 is the darkest.
- 9. Speech on / off. If you have sufficient memory and at least a 80386
- computer, you can use speech.
-
-
- Saving a Game
-
- There are three ways to save a game.
- a) At any time push the escape key (esc) and then press F2.
- b) Press Esc to quit then press Esc again. When prompted to save the game,
- press Y or esc.
- Note: With two players, only the active player's game is saved. The other
- player can save his game when it is his turn.
-
- Quitting a Game
-
- At any time press escape (esc), and then press esc again. To save the game
- press 'Y' or esc again. If you quit without saving or escaping in this
- manner, your current results will not be saved. With two players, each
- person must press esc to quit.
-
- Continuing a Game
-
- At the prompt for your name, type your name exactly as spelled before.
-
- Using the Mouse
-
- The mouse can be used anywhere in the game except for moving and shooting in
- Greecia. Point the cursor to the object on the screen desired and click
- with the left mouse button.
-
- Music
-
- Two types of music are available: midi music files and PC speaker music.
- Midi music plays on any SoundBlaster or true hardware compatible sound card.
- Note: the following two sound cards are only compatible when emulation
- drivers are loaded:
- Mediavision Pro Audio Spectrum;
- Gravis Ultrasound (also called GUS).
-
- If no sound card is present, the program automatically defaults to PC speaker
- music. In some cases you may wish to force the game to play PC speaker music
- to reduce memory requirements or because of problems with the sound card. To
- force PC speaker music add /j to the fract command.
- Example: fract /j
-
- If you wish to begin the game with the music turned off, add /m to the fract
- command. Example: fract /m
-
- If you wish to turn the music on or off during the game, hit esc. and then F4.
-
-
- Speech
-
- Speech requires a machine with at least a 80386 processor. A 80486 or better
- is recommended. Speech through the PC speaker on a slower machine such as a
- 386sx requires that an expanded memory manager be installed. PC speaker
- speech should not be used when running through Windows. The speech is of
- poor quality.
-
- In all situations, it is best to use an expanded memory manager such as
- EMM386.exe because it is faster than extended memory, and it reduces the
- memory requirements. See your DOS manual to add this to your config.sys file.
-
- For speech to work, you must have selected the correct sound card during the
- installation of the program. If you selected the wrong card, you must
- reinstall the program.
-
- If you are using SoundBlaster, you must insure that the hardware port and
- the hardware interrupt are properly set. The default port value is 220 and
- the default interrupt (IRQ level) is 7. If either of these values is
- different, you must either reinstall the program or edit the batch file
- fract.bat.
-
- To change from the default interrupt value of 7 to an interrupt value of 5,
- edit the line in fract.bat that begins with SoundBST. The first parameter
- is for the port address, the second is for the interrupt. For example:
- SoundBST /p220 /i5 means port 220 and interrupt 5.
-
- If you are using the Covox Speech Thing, you must insure that the correct
- parallel port is used. You could possibly have your printer or another
- device connected to this port. The default parallel port number is 1.
- Edit fract.bat in the following way to change the parallel port:
-
- SoundCVX /p0 default value of port 1;
- SoundCVX /p1 port value of 2;
- SoundCVX /p2 port value of 3.
-
-
- Object of the Game
-
- The object is to return to the future, 2135, to escape the curse of Dr.
- Ronan. You do this by traveling through Greecia, learning fractions, and
- fighting the ancient creatures you meet. After you destroy the Green Dragon
- in the Labyrinth, you can enter the time portal which takes you back to the
- future.
-
-
- Greecia
-
-
- Each level and location in Greecia has three scenes. Your objective is to
- get to the last scene while scoring as many points as possible and gathering
- as many potions as possible. All potions have very powerful magic, and some
- of the potions are necessary for you to successfully travel through Greecia.
- Be wary of bad potions left by Ronan. Zeus has marked these with an X.
- Explore all areas because there are a few scattered invisible potions. These
- have special powers when doing fractions.
-
- At the end of each game level you must fight Ronan's Main Minion. To do
- this, you must prove yourself worthy in three ways:
- 1) You must increase in wisdom and intelligence in fractions and rise to a
- higher rank.
- 2) You must kill the creatures guarding the Minion in the third scene.
- 3) You must demonstrate your intelligence on a Test of Worthiness. The Test
- requires you to demonstrate your Fraction Knowledge from all the gems you
- have passed. (Hint: seek all gems and write them down.) If you fail the
- Test of Worthiness, you must complete the game level again.
- After you have passed the level, you will see your progress on the map, then
- you will see Zeus and Iris in the cave.
-
-
- Ronan and his Evil Minions.
-
-
- Alloni the Evil Guardian. Alloni was last seen hiding in the Deadwood
- Forest. He is purple because he is full of rage at the thought that you
- would enter his forest. Presently he is sleeping. If you destroy enough of
- his creatures, he will awake to meet you.
-
- Markus the Pirate. Markus lives in Pirate's Cove and is the head pirate.
- Be careful not to anger Markus because he throws things and he might just
- throw you.
-
- Mars, god of War. Mars is currently teaching battle strategies in the
- acropolis. All good Grecians look to Markus for the extra edge when fighting
- their enemies. He has many tricks up his sleeve and is a formidable
- opponent.
-
- Armageddon, the eight legged monster. Armageddon was once the most beautiful
- woman in Greecia. She was changed into a bug years ago by a terrible enemy.
- Since then she has been so full of anger she destroys anyone who attempts to
- cross the plains. She guards the passages leading to the mountains.
-
- Daala, the Snow Beast. Daala is a white creature dressed in a red cape who
- guards Monster Mountain. Few people appreciate Daala's chilly approach to
- battle. Be careful or Daala will cool you off. Daala is said to be very
- cool.
-
- Gorgon, the fish. Gorgon is a former god who used to live on the Haunted
- Beach. A while back he angered Zeus who then turned him into a fish and
- condemned him to swim in the sea. Unfortunately, to get to the caves you
- must go through the sea. Any friend of Zeus is an enemy of Gorgon.
-
- Zoil, the cave bat. Zoil may look human but don't be fooled. Zoil has the
- ability to transform himself into the features of the last human he killed.
- He expects to make another transformation soon.
-
- The Green Dragon. The ancient Mooglish were an advanced civilization that
- developed a time portal to move to different time periods. It is said that
- all the Mooglish went to the future to escape their enemies in battle. They
- left behind a green dragon to guard the portal to insure that no one would
- follow them. You must destroy the Green Dragon to enter the portal to
- return to your time period.
-
-
- Inside Greecia, windows, action, etc.
-
-
-
- Left Window
- Tells how many fraction problems are left before you can advance to the next
- scene. There are three scenes.
-
- Points Window
- This is the total number of
- points earned so far.
-
- Weapon Window
- Identifies the weapon currently in use. Gather stronger weapons as you
- travel.
-
- Level Window
- This gives the level and scene of your farthest advancement. For example,
- 4 - 3 means you have advanced to level 4, scene 3. Note that you can go
- backwards. It is possible to be on level 4 - 1 or 4 - 2 even though this
- window says 4 - 3.
-
- Lives Window
- This tells the number of lives you have before you die and are sent back to
- the beginning of the current level and scene.
-
- Location Window
- This gives the present level and scene of your actual location. This is
- different from the level window if you have gone backwards.
-
- Help Button "H"
- This button gives on screen information about key movements, potions, weapons,
- etc.
-
- Magic Button "M"
- Either press on the button or click with the mouse on the icon in the magic
- window. These are special potions that will increase your power, speed,
- invincibility, etc.
-
-
- POTION LETTER DESCRIPTION
-
- L Slows all your enemies.
-
- S Speeds you up. Needed to walk in some locations.
-
- I Makes you invincible to weapons.
-
- F Freezes your enemies though they can still shoot.
-
- P Powers up your weapons.
-
- D Anti-Gravity. Allows you to walk in the air.
-
- W Allows you to walk on items that might otherwise kill
- you.
-
- T Walk through walls that would normally stop you.
-
- Z Become spiritual like Zeus-most powerful of all. You
- can walk on air and are invincible.
-
- J Jump through spirit world and appear on other side of
- Greecia. Use carefully.
-
- O Walk off into spirit world. (Actually walk in spirit
- world where no one can touch you.)
-
- N Lanterns to light up your life and your world. These
- are needed in dark places in Greecia.
-
- Gems provide Number Wisdom as you pick them up.
- These will be used in the TEST OF WORTHINESS. (HINT:
- Pick up every gem you see and write down its
- message.)
-
- Calculators can be used when doing fractions to help
- you solve problems. (HINT: These are important in
- game difficulty 2 and 3.
-
- Invisible Freeze Clocks can be used in the when doing
- fractions to stop the clock.(NOTE: There are few of
- these but they are very valuable.)
-
-
- Escape Button "Esc"
-
- Esc - escape is always available everywhere in the game. When Esc is
- pushed, a menu appears and these keys are presented:
- Esc Quit the game.
- F1 Save the game of the currently active player.
- F2 Delete a game (cannot delete present game). This is not active if /D
- command line option used. Enter the name teacher to delete
- names. See command line options.
- F3 Turn the music on or off.
- F4 Turn the sound effects on or off.
- F5 Increase the game speed. The game starts at maximum speed.
- This will probably only be needed on very fast computers after first
- being slowed down.
- F6 Slow the game speed. This will probably only be needed on very fast
- computers.
- F7 Print names and scores.
- F8 If you use speech, this will turn the speech on and off.
-
-
-
- Solving Fractions, windows, buttons, etc.
-
-
-
-
- Left Window
- Tells how many fraction problems are left before you can advance to the next
- scene. There are three scenes.
-
- Clock Window
- This is the number clock which
- starts at 0 when you begin a new problem and continues until you finish or
- change the problem. If you use a Freeze Clock potion (F), this clock will
- halt until you begin a new problem.
-
- Points Window
- This is the total number of points earned so far.
-
- Level Window
- This gives the level and scene of your farthest advancement. For example,
- 4 - 3 means you have advanced to level 4, scene 3. Note that you can go
- backwards. It is possible to be on level 4 - 1 or 4 - 2 even though this
- window says 4 - 3.
-
- Freeze Clock Button "F"
- If you have earned a freeze clock potion in Greecia, you can spend it here.
- This can increase your point value. (Hint: Use this in the beginning of a
- problem.)
-
- Calculator Button "C"
- The number of calculators you have depends on the degree of difficulty (when
- you started) and the number of calculators you picked up in Greecia. Press
- "C" to make the calculator appear.
-
- There are two ways to exit the calculator: press or click on "Q" or use
- insert. "Insert" removes the calculator, inserts your answer onto the answer
- line, and presses enter for you. This is a fast way to decrease your time
- and work. Make sure, however, the final answer is the correct answer to the
- problem.
-
- The calculator does three types of problems: whole numbers, decimals, and
- fractions. Note: the calculator will not do fractions if you choose to not
- allow fraction during the installation. To change this later, add or remove
- /B in Fract.bat. /B means you CANNOT do fractions in the calculator. Whole
- numbers are the same as decimals except when dividing. Whole numbers have
- remainders and decimals don't. Use the 'R' key to switch between 'Remainder
- On' and 'Remainder Off'. If you divide and the remainder is off, the answer
- is in decimals.
-
- For fractions use (up arrow) to insert a numerator and use (down arrow) to
- insert a denominator. To insert a whole number use CTRL . Also, if you keep
- pressing the space bar, the cursor cycles between numerator, denominator, and
- whole number. The answer to any fraction problem will be a fraction reduced
- to lowest terms.
-
- Hint: For faster speed on a problem involving two or more steps and when the
- answer to the first step is the beginning to the next step, use = twice rathe
- than the enter key. This places the answer into the first part of the next
- problem. For example: suppose you wanted to add 4 + 5 and then subtract 6
- from the answer.
-
- Enter: 4 + 5 = = This places 9 into the next problem.
- Enter: - 6 = You will see 9 - 6 = 3.
- Enter: Ins The answer, 3 is entered into the
- game and your results are seen.
-
-
- Hint Button "H"
- Whenever help is needed push H. This will give you the next hint. Hints
- always start with hint 1 (Hn 1) and can go up to hint 6, depending on the
- problem. The last hint gives the answer to the problem. Zeus always tells
- you when you are on the last hint so you can choose not to see it. In
- general you get more points when you use fewer hints. (HINT: When a
- problem is extremely difficult, it is often faster to see all the hints.
- This is because it increases your understanding of the complete solution
- process.) If you wish to see a hint again, push the keys F1 - F5 that
- correspond to hints 1 - 5.
-
-
- Repeat Button "R"
- If speech is on, this will repeat the problem.
-
- Escape Button "Esc"
-
- Esc - escape is always available everywhere in the game. When Esc is pushed,
- a menu appears and these keys are presented:
- Esc Quit the game.
- F1 Save the game of the currently active player.
- F2 Delete a game (cannot delete present game). Not active if /D command
- line option used. In this case use the name teacher to delete names.
- See command line options.
- F3 Turn the music on or off.
- F4 Turn the sound effects on or off.
- F5 Increase the game speed. The game starts at maximum speed.
- This will probably only be needed on very fast computers after first
- being slowed down.
- F6 Slow the game speed. This will probably only be needed on very fast
- computers.
- F7 Print names and scores.
- F8 If you use speech, this will turn the speech on and off.
-
-
- Whole Number Button " CTRL "
- This allows you to return to whole numbers after typing numerators or
- denominators. Use CTRL (CTRL + ) to type whole numbers or push the space
- bar.
-
- Numerator Button " "
- Use the (up arrow) to insert a numerator or push the space bar.
-
- Denominator Button " "
- Use the (down arrow) to insert a denominator or push the space bar.
-
- Pressing the space bar allows you to move between numerator, denominator, and
- whole number.
-
-
- Advancement in Fractions
-
- To gain enough wisdom and intelligence to defeat Ronan's minions in Greecia
- you must rise to a higher rank. There are 8 ranks. They are:
-
- RANK MINION GAME LOCATION SCENES
- NEEDED TO FIGHT LEVEL
-
-
- Peasant (Travels through game level 1 but can't complete)
- Soldier Alloni 1 Deadwood Forest 1-3
- Commander Markus 2 Pirate's Cove 4-6
- Commando Mars 3 Acropolis 7-9
- Hero Armageddon 4 Plains of Sorrow 10-12
- Master Daala 5 Monster Mountain 13-15
- Grandmaster Gorgon 6 Haunted Beach 16-18
- Superhero Zoil 7 Caves of Death 19-21
- Superhero Green Dragon 8 Labyrinth 22-24
-
- To advance a rank, such as from Peasant to Soldier, you must pass three
- scenes. There are 8 levels with 3 scenes each level. 8 ranks are available.
- If you get the first three problems in a scene correct with no hints, Zeus
- will let you skip the remainder of the fractions in that scene. Zeus is
- constantly watching your performance in Fractions. If you answer wrong or
- use too many hints, you will see the problem again. However, next time,
- he'll change the numbers.
-
- Gems
-
- This is a complete listing of all gems needed to pass the test of worthiness.
-
-
- Beginner
- FRACTION: a number to name 'part' of a whole.
- NUMERATOR is the number on top of a 'fraction'.
- DENOMINATOR is the number on the 'bottom'.
- WHOLE NUMBER is the number on the 'left' side.
- DENOMINATOR tells the number of 'parts' that make up the whole.
- PROPER FRACTION: numerator is 'less' than the denominator.
- IMPROPER FRACTION: numerator is 'greater' than the denominator.
- MIXED NUMBER: a whole number and a 'fraction'.
- yd is read 'SQUARE' YARDS.
- ft is read 'SQUARE' FEET.
- To find ft 'multiply' FEET X FEET.
- GRAMS measure metric 'mass' or how heavy.
- SQUARE METERS measure metric 'area' or length x width.
- SQUARE MILLIMETERS measure a small metric 'area'.
- SQUARE KILOMETERS measure a large metric 'area'.
- Find EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS by dividing or 'multiplying'.
- LOWEST TERMS means reduced to simplest 'form'.
- FACTORS: two numbers 'multiplied' to form a product.
- PINTS measure 'volume': how high, wide, & deep.
- 1 MILE equals '5280' feet.
- SQUARE MILES measure 'area': how long x how wide.
- KILO means '1000' times.
- KILOLITER means 1000 'liters'.
- MILLI means divide into '1000' parts.
- 1000 MILLIMETERS = 1 'meter'.
- 1000 MILLIGRAMS = 1 'gram'.
- 100 CENTIMETERS equal 1 'meter'.
- COMMON FACTOR: two numbers have the 'same' factor.
- GREATEST COMMON FACTOR: biggest 'factor' of 2 numbers.
- The GREATEST 'COMMON' FACTOR of 16 and 20 is 4.
- Fraction to DECIMAL: divide the numerator by the 'denominator'.
- DECIMAL to fraction: divide the 'decimal' part by the decimal place value.
- The TENTHS PLACE is the 'first' decimal place.
- The HUNDREDTHS PLACE is the 'second' decimal place.
- RECIPROCAL means turn the fraction 'upside' down.
- RECIPROCAL: two 'numbers' whose product is 1.
- INVERT means turn the 'fraction' upside down.
- To 'divide' fractions multiply by the RECIPROCAL.
- 1 POUND = 16 'ounces'.
- 1 GALLON = 4 'quarts'.
- 1 YARD = 3 'feet'.
- 1 YARD = 36 'inches'.
- SQUARE FEET = length X 'width': how long x how wide.
- 1 LITER = '1000' milliliters.
- '1000' GRAMS = 1 kilogram.
- 1/10 in 'DECIMALS' is 0.1.
- 1/100 in DECIMALS is '0.01'.
- 1/1000 in DECIMALS is '0.001'.
-
- Advanced
-
- FRACTION: a number to name 'part' of a whole.
- NUMERATOR is the number on top of a 'fraction'.
- DENOMINATOR is the number on the 'bottom'.
- WHOLE NUMBER is the number on the 'left' side.
- DENOMINATOR tells number of 'parts' that make up the whole.
- PROPER FRACTION: numerator 'less' than denominator.
- IMPROPER FRACTION: numerator 'greater' than denominator.
- MIXED NUMBER: whole number and a 'fraction'.
- Find EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS by dividing or 'multiplying'.
- LOWEST TERMS means reduced to simplest 'form'.
- FACTORS: two numbers 'multiplied' to form a product.
- COMMON FACTOR: two numbers have the 'same' factor.
- GREATEST COMMON FACTOR: biggest 'factor' of 2 numbers.
- The GREATEST 'COMMON' FACTOR of 16 and 20 is 4.
- Fraction to DECIMAL: divide the numerator by the 'denominator'.
- DECIMAL to fraction: divide the 'decimal' part by the decimal place value.
- The TENTHS PLACE is the 'first' decimal place.
- The HUNDREDTHS PLACE is the 'second' decimal place.
- The THOUSANDTHS PLACE is the 'third' decimal place.
- The TEN THOUSANDTHS PLACE is the 'fourth' decimal place.
- The HUNDRED THOUSANDTHS PLACE is the 'fifth' decimal place.
- RECIPROCAL means turn the fraction 'upside' down.
- RECIPROCAL: two 'numbers' whose product is 1.
- INVERT means turn the 'fraction' upside down.
- To 'divide' fractions multiply by the RECIPROCAL.
- Five MULTIPLES of 4 are: 4, 8, '12', 16, 20.
- To add fractions with LIKE DENOMINATORS, add the 'numerators'.
- To subtract fractions with LIKE DENOMINATORS, 'subtract' the numerators.
- COMMON MULTIPLE: a number is a 'multiple' of two numbers.
- LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE: smallest 'multiple' common to two numbers.
- LEAST COMMON DENOMINATOR: smallest multiple of all 'denominators'.
- To add MIXED NUMBERS rewrite using the least 'common' denominator.
- To subtract MIXED NUMBERS rewrite using the least 'common' denominator.
- A RATIO is a 'comparison' of two numbers by division.
- A PROPORTION is a statement that two 'ratios' are equivalent.
- UNIT PRICE: how much a product 'costs' for a given unit.
- PERCENT means per 'hundred'.
- To change decimal to PERCENT multiply by '100'.
- OF in percent statements is another word for 'times'.
- IS in mathematics is another word for 'equals'.
- % is a symbol for 'percent'.
- Decimal to PERCENT: multiply by 100 and add a 'percent' sign.
- PERCENT to decimal: 'divide' by 100 and omit the percent sign.
- Fraction to percent: convert to 'decimal' then change to a percent.
- PERCENT of a number: convert percent to decimal or fraction than 'multiply'.
- PERCENT of one number to another: 'Divide' then convert decimal to percent.
- Find a number when PERCENT of it is known: percent to decimal than 'divide'.
- Find PERCENT OF change: 'Subtract' for amount of change, divide for percent.
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- Command Line Options
-
- Some aspects of the game can be controlled at startup by using command line
- parameters. These are:
-
- /B Review Problems Active at end
- /C Disable Calculator
- /D Disable Deleting names
- /E Extra Memory Forced
- /F Short Cut
- /H Display help
- /I Fraction Calculator Off
- /J PC Speaker Music Forced
- /L Shows directory of records for CD-ROM version
- /M Disable music
- /S Disable sound effects
- /X Speech uses XMS memory first
-
- Example:
- This will disable music and sound effects.
- c:\fract /M /S
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- Educational Comments for Parents and Teachers
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-
-
- The purpose of this program is to teach people how to solve fraction,
- decimal, ratio, proportion, and percent word problems ranging from 5th grade
- to 8th grade. 240 separate math problems are presented in two sections of
- 120 problems each. The first 120 problems are at the beginning level, and
- the second 120 problems are at the advanced level. A player chooses his
- level at the beginning.
-
- Each problem is presented with random numbers so they keep changing. The
- unique feature of this program is that each problem is given a complete step
- by step solution through a series of hints. The player chooses to see as
- many hints as desired. As a problem randomly changes, so does the unique
- hints and the solution.
-
- All problems are solved with graphics so the player not only sees the numbers
- which represent the unique random solution, but the player also sees pictures
- corresponding to the random numbers. In this way a player not only sees the
- mathematical solution, but can also see the reasoning and logic underlying
- the mathematical solution.
-
- In the Beginning Level the sequential progression of problems is:
- 1) the concepts of numerator and denominator;
- 2) understanding a fraction;
- 3) understanding mixed numbers;
- 4) proper fractions;
- 5) improper fractions;
- 6) conversions between mixed numbers and improper fractions;
- 7) reducing fractions;
- 8) multiplying fractions;
- 9) dividing fractions.
-
- In the advanced level the sequential progression is:
- 10) reviewing multiplying and dividing fractions;
- 11) addition of fractions;
- 12) subtraction of fractions;
- 13) decimal - fraction conversions;
- 14) ratios;
- 15) proportions;
- 16) percents.
-
- Ten problem types are presented, developed, and reinforced throughout the
- game. These are:
- 1) numeration;
- 2 customary weight (pounds, ounces, etc.);
- 3) customary volume (quarts, gallons, etc.);
- 4) customary length (inches, feet, etc.);
- 5) customary area (square inches, square feet, etc.);
- 6) money in dollars and cents (dollars, cents);
- 7) metric length (meters, kilometers, etc.);
- 8) metric volume (liters, kiloliters, etc.);
- 9) metric mass (grams, kilograms, etc.);
- 10) metric area (square meters, square kilometers, etc.);
-
-
- The program assumes there are four reasons people experience difficulty in
- solving math word problems. These are:
- 1) poor motivation to succeed;
- 2) an inability to interpret key vocabulary words;
- 3) an inability to form a mental picture of the problem;
- 4) an inability to focus on the processes involved in word problems.
-
- These four difficulties are addressed in these ways:
- 1) Poor Motivation
-
- The game is presented in the context of a story during which a player must
- move back and forth between an arcade game and the math problems.
- A player must succeed in both to win the game.
-
- In addition, because the focus of the game is thinking skills, a convenient
- calculator is provided to remove calculating mistakes as a source of error.
-
- 2) Vocabulary Words
-
- In the beginning math levels, key vocabulary words are the focus of the
- initial hints. These are then displayed on the main screen after first
- viewed. Also the TEST OF WORTHINESS in Greecia requires the memorization of
- "Gems". These involve vocabulary words or formulas such as 16 ounces = 1
- pound. A player cannot proceed without this.
-
- 3) Forming a Mental Picture
-
- The math section attempts to show the relationship between words and pictures
- in two ways. When the first hint is selected, a picture of the problem is
- illustrated focusing on the overall concept involved in the problem. Since
- there are 240 unique word problems, 240 pictures are available.
-
- The second way is by using small pictures to represent all the elements in
- the word problem. Hints 2 - 6 (minimum three hints, maximum six hints)
- explicitly solve the problem. The number of pictures used corresponds to
- the number of items presented in the problem. Since each problem varies
- randomly each time it's presented, the hints also vary each time.
-
- 4) Focusing on the Processes involved
-
- The most difficult part of learning to solve word problems is to focus on the
- processes involved. When given the solution to a problem, most students try
- to memorize the answer without understanding the underlying concept. Since
- the numbers inside the word problems are randomly generated, and their order
- of presentation is mixed, students cannot memorize an answer when they do the
- problem more than once. What's more, not only do the problems change every
- time, but the hints change every time to reflect the different numbers in the
- problems. This forces the student to focus on the underlying processes. To
- further insure that a student cannot "pass" the problem by looking at all the
- hints or "mindlessly" memorizing the process without understanding it, the
- problem will be presented again. To "pass" a problem and not see the problem
- again, the player's first attempt at an answer must be correct, and the
- player may not use more than one hint. If either of these conditions is
- violated, the problem will reappear. This will continue until the problem is
- answered correctly the first time with no more than one hint.
-
- It is suggested that players take notes when doing math problems. This will
- help when remembering formulas and procedures previously presented.
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